The average price of food and non-alcoholic drinks in the UK has seen their sharpest increase in more than 45 years - so what are the main reasons for the inflation? Soaring food and non-alcoholic drink prices drive record-high UK inflation and put intense pressure on household budgets.

More expensive bread, cereals and chocolate all caused the average price of food and non-alcoholic drink to increase by 19.2% in the year to March.

This is the sharpest 12-month increase since August 1977, according to the Office for National Statistics (ONS).

Separate figures from Which? Show meat, yoghurt and vegetables doubled in price in the year to March.

Here are some of the main reasons food prices are rising so much.

Poor harvests

Food prices, especially for fruit, vegetables and sugar, have risen after poor harvests in Europe and North Africa reduced availability earlier this year.

Retailers and wholesalers have had to pay more for items such as tomatoes, peppers and salad, which have been in short supply.

Dr Peter Alexander, senior lecturer in global food security at the University of Edinburgh, says climate change impacts food production by extreme weather events becoming "more frequent and extreme."

"Overall, this has suppressed the rate of increases in agricultural productivity and potentially led to greater market price volatility, as well as higher prices," he adds.

An outbreak of bird flu late last year meant poultry were locked inside from November to April - resulting in one billion fewer eggs being produced than in 2019. The government has lifted restrictions, but knock-on effects are still being felt.

Ukraine war

The National Farmer's Union (NFU) president Minette Batters describes the war in Ukraine as a "game changer" for food supply chains.

Since Russia's invasion in February last year, Europe has been forced to wean itself off Russian gas, increasing the cost of the vast energy needed to produce and transport food. This is then passed on to consumers at higher prices.

On average, 34.3% of food and drink manufacturers reported global supply chain disruption between March 2022 and January 2023.

As the 'bread basket of Europe', Ukraine's inability to produce and ship grain has also reduced European supply and spiked prices.

Brexit

According to the Food and Drink Federation, Brexit has "made the situation worse for UK manufacturers" and has been blamed for adding hundreds of pounds to the average UK household shopping bill.

NFU president Ms Batters says that while the UK was still in the European Union, it was the "preferred country to work in" for seasonal labour, but now we're out, and freedom of movement has ended, the lack of EU workers has been a "huge, huge issue".

The government is introducing visa schemes instead, but these are for shorter periods than before and higher overall living costs in the UK mean Europeans aren't travelling significantly.

Labour shortages led to £16m wasted in unpicked fruit and vegetables last year, Ms Batters adds.

And the number of people unemployed in the UK who could take the jobs instead doesn't match the numbers currently needed within food supply chains.

Other issues around post-Brexit border controls, packaging and trade deals with non-EU countries have also added to supply chain problems.